Home » State Early Childhood Policy Landscapes » Arizona Early Childhood Policy Landscape

Arizona

Arizona, like all states, has a unique early childhood policy landscape that is shaped by economics, demographics, political history, coalitions, and other factors that create a state-specific environment for policy advocacy.

State early childhood policy progress is dependent both on the state’s environment and the numerous efforts—by the organizations listed on this page, other organizations, parents, policymakers, practitioners, and more—who work both independently and collaboratively to achieve wins for young children.

2024 State Early Childhood Policy Environment and Progress

Early Childhood Landscape:

Research shows that family economic security is foundational to children’s overall wellbeing. Research also shows that widespread disparities in opportunity (especially by race) drive wide disparities in outcomes. States with policies that offer strong support to young children and their families are more likely to see 1) declining numbers of children in low-income households and 2) low racial disparity among those children.

Young Children in Low-Income Households: Declining

Approximately 42% (305,000) of the state’s children 0-8 live in households below 200% FPL (2022). This number represents a decrease from 48% (363,000) in 2017.¹

Racial Disparity Among Young Children Living in Low-Income Households: High

Black, Hispanic/Latino, and/or Native children aged 0-8 are significantly more likely to be living in households below 200% FPL than are Asian and non-Hispanic White children.²

(NOTE: Selecting for age 0-8, state, and race can yield small cell sizes that can make percentages less accurate. Bars marked with S indicate data with extremely small cell sizes, which is not displayed. Bars marked with C should be interpreted with caution. Though the cell sizes are larger, they still fall below a threshold of reliability.)

Advocacy Landscape:

State General Fund Appropriations: Growing

Arizona’s governor signed the state’s fiscal 2025 budget into law in June of 2024. General fund spending in the enacted budget totals $16.2 billion in fiscal 2025, including $15.6 billion in ongoing spending and $616 million in one-time spending. This reflects a 5.6 percent decrease in total general fund spending and a 5.2 percent increase in ongoing general fund spending compared to fiscal 2024 levels. The enacted budget assumes ongoing general fund revenues (after urban revenue sharing and newly enacted revenue changes) of $15.6 billion (representing a 5.3 percent increase from fiscal 2024 ongoing revenue), a beginning balance of $639 million and other one-time revenues of $32 million. The fiscal 2025 enacted budget projects a $95 million general fund ending cash balance. The state’s rainy day fund, known as the Budget Stabilization Fund, had an estimated balance of $1.46 billion as of January 2024, and no withdrawal is planned in the enacted budget.³

Key Revenue Sources After Federal Transfers:⁴

- - - General Sales Taxes ($1,835 per capita)
    - Property Taxes (5$1,253 per capita)

State Budget Rules:⁴

Arizona uses an annual budget. The legislature must pass a balanced budget, but it can carry a deficit into the following year. Arizona limits spending growth based on personal income growth with a binding rule that requires a legislative supermajority or a vote of the people to override it. A supermajority is similarly required for any legislation that increases taxes or revenues. Arizona also places limits on the total authorized debt the state can incur but not on debt service.

Permanent State Funding Streams Dedicated to Early Childhood: Yes

In a 2006 ballot initiative, Arizona voters approved a tobacco tax increase dedicated to funding early childhood services. A First Things First state board and local regional partnership councils share the responsibility of ensuring that these early childhood funds are spent on strategies that will result in improved education and health outcomes for children younger than age 5.

Political Alignment: Divided

During the 2024 session, the state’s Senate and House were both Republican controlled. The state’s Governor was a Democrat.⁵

Types of Ballot Measures Available:⁶Five

- Legislature-initiated state statute: Appears on a state’s ballot as a ballot measure because the state legislature in that state voted to put it before the voters.
- Voter-initiated state statute: Earns a spot on the ballot when sponsors collect signatures according to the laws governing the initiative process in Arizona.
- Legislature-initiated constitutional amendment: A constitutional amendment that appears on a state’s ballot as a ballot measure because the state legislature in that state voted to put it before the voters.
- Initiated constitutional amendment: An amendment to a state’s constitution that comes about through the initiative process.
- Veto referendum: When someone in Arizona disagrees with a statute or legislative bill enacted by the state legislature, signatures can be collected to force the issue to a vote. If enough signatures are collected, the bill is placed on the statewide ballot.

Early Childhood Policy Advocacy Organizations Include:

Early Childhood Policy Advocacy Multi-State Initiatives Include:⁶

2024 Policy Progress:

Highlights from the state’s early childhood policy advocacy community include:⁸

For the first time in nearly 15 years, state funds were dedicated to the state child care subsidy program. While the investment was far less than the $100 million proposed in the governor’s executive budget, this historic investment is a win in a year where the legislature and Governor faced a $1.4 billion budget shortfall due to tax cuts enacted in years prior.

The final budget authorized a $2.5 million FY 2024 appropriation for nurse-family partnership programs to become non-lapsing through FY 2027. This is a win as the funding was not spent in the prior fiscal year, when it was initially passed, so it could have been swept as part of balancing the budget. The Arizona Department of Health Services now has additional years to deliver services with this funding. This voluntary home-visit program supports families that are at high risk of abuse or neglected.

Ongoing Grantee Areas of Advocacy:

Our lead ally in Arizona, Children’s Action Alliance (CAA), seeks to influence policies and decisions affecting the lives of Arizona children and their families. Their research, publications, media campaigns, and advocacy are aimed at a future where: all children have health insurance, a place to call home, enter school ready to learn and succeed, and no child is raised in poverty, hungry, or abused or neglected.

Children’s Action Alliance is working to advance early childhood policies in several areas:

Early Care and Education

Child Care

K-3 Education

Preschool and Pre-K

Child and
Maternal Health

Early Intervention (Age 0 – 3)

Infant and Child Mental Health

Maternal Health

Family
Supports

Child Welfare

Family Economic Security

Home Visiting

Paid Family Medical Leave

Early Childhood Infrastructure

Cost Modeling

Early Childhood Finance

Click here for more information on advocates’ policy agenda.

Arizona Advocacy Snapshot:

Arizona Allies Continue Fight Against Funding for Developmentally Inappropriate Online Early Learning Programs

June 11, 2021

Early childhood advocates in Arizona successfully blocked state funding for an online preschool program in 2020, and they are continuing to fight against additional attempts to fund these programs this year. While there is a huge need for expanded access to preschool in the state, advocates argue that online learning programs are developmentally inappropriate for young learners and a poor use of scarce resources.

NOTES:

¹Kids Count Data Center, Annie E. Casey Foundation, Children Ages 0 to 8 Below 200 Percent Poverty, January, 2024.

²National Center for Children in Poverty, Children Ages 0 through 8 Below 200 Percent Poverty, October 2024, NCCP analysis of ACS 5-Year Estimates – Public Use Microdata Sample 2018-2022.

³National Association of State Budget Officers, Proposed and Enacted Budgets, FY 2025.

⁴Urban Institute, State Fiscal Briefs, June 2024.

⁵National Conference of State Legislatures, 2024 State & Legislative Partisan Composition, April 29, 2024.

⁶Ballotpedia, Ballot Measures by State, Kids Count Data Center, retrieved July, 2024.

⁷Alliance for Early Success, Multi-State Initiatives for Early Childhood Policy Advocacy, July, 2024.

⁸Alliance for Early Success, State-Wide Advocacy Highlights Survey, April-October, 2024; and 2024 Prenatal-to-3 Legislative Highlights, Prenatal-to-3 Policy Impact Center, July, 2024.